公民电话记录隐私权保护的研究——美国北卡罗莱纳州相关立法引发的思考
王硕 郭春枝（助）
【摘要】随着手机等通讯工具的广泛使用，侵犯公民电话记录隐私权的行为层出不穷，如何有效保护公民的相关权益，成为当前法律建设面临的难题之一。本文拟从分析美国北卡罗莱纳州在保护公民电话记录隐私权的相关立法，联系实际，提出相应的解决措施。
【关键词】电话记录；隐私权；调查取证
一、美国北卡罗莱纳州关于电话记录隐私权保护的相关立法
North CarolinaArticle .Telephone Records Privacy Protection Act
.§ 14 113.30. Definitions.The following definitions apply in this Article:
1．Caller identification record. ? A record collected and retained by or on behalf of a customer utilizing caller identification or similar technology that is delivered electronically to the recipient of a telephone call simultaneously with the reception of the telephone call and that indicates the telephone number from which the telephone call was initiated or similar information regarding the telephone call.
2．Customer. ? A person or the legal guardian of a person or a representative of a business to whom a telephone service provider provides telephone service to a number subscribed or listed in the name of the person or business.
3．Person. ? An individual, business association, partnership, limited partnership, corporation, limited liability company, or other legal entity.
4．Telephone record. ? A record in written, electronic, or oral form, except a caller identification record, Directory Assistance information, and subscriber list information, that is created by a telephone service provider and that contains any of the following information with respect to a customer: a. Telephone numbers that have been dialed by the customer. b. Telephone numbers that pertain to calls made to the customer. c. The time when calls were made by the customer or to the customer. d. The duration of calls made by the customer or to the customer. e. The charges applied to calls, if any.
5．Telephone service. ? The conveyance of two way communication in analog, digital, or other form by any medium, including wire, cable, fiber optics, cellular, broadband personal communications services, or other wireless technologies, satellite, microwave, or at any frequency over any part of the electromagnetic spectrum. The term also includes the conveyance of voice communication over the Internet and telephone relay service.
6． Telephone service provider. ? A person who provides telephone service to a customer without regard to the form of technology used, including traditional wire line or cable communications service; cellular, broadband PCS, or other wireless communications service; microwave, satellite, or other terrestrial communications service; or voice over Internet communications service。
北卡罗莱纳州：电话记录隐私权保护法
§ 14 113.30. 定义。下列定义适用于本条文：
1.主叫识别记录。通过收集和保留呼叫者识别器或以电子形式等相似技术传递给客户的电话，同时接受电话，并显示来电号码或与来电电话相关的一些信息而形成的记录。
2.客户——个人或法定监护人，或者为电话服务供应商对以个人或商业名义署名商业提供电话服务的商业机构进行代表。
3.个人——个人，商业协会，合伙，有限合伙公司，有限责任公司或其他法律实体
4.电话记录——记录形式包括书面、电子、口头等形式。记录内容除了来电者身份记 录外，还包括目录帮助信息，用户列表信息。用户列表信息又包括电话服务供应商创建的和与客户相关的下列信息：(1) 客户已拔的电话号码；(2)客户自己的号码；(3)客户拨打电话或接受电话的时间点；(4)客户拨出或接收电话的通话时长；(5) 如果属于收费电话，还包括电话费用项目。
5.电话服务——模拟双向沟通的运输，数字运输，或以电线、电缆、光纤、移动电话、宽带个人通信服务为媒介的运输，以及以卫星、微波和在任何频率的任何部分的电磁频谱的无线技术为媒介的运输。此处的电话服务还包括运输工具的语音通信互联网和电话中断服务。
6.电话服务供应商——以各种技术形式提供电话服务的传统的有线或有线通信服务，蜂窝电话，宽带电脑，或其他无线通信服务;微波，卫星，或其他地面通信服务;或互联网语音通讯服务。
§ 14 113.31. Prohibition of falsely obtaining, selling, or soliciting telephone records.
1.No person shall obtain, or attempt to obtain, by any means, whether electronically, in writing, or in oral form, with or without consideration, a telephone record that pertains to a customer who is a resident of this State without the customer's consent by doing any of the following:(1) Making a false statement or representation to an agent, representative, or employee of a telephone service provider.(2)Making a false statement or representation to a customer of a telephone service provider.(3)Knowingly providing to a telephone service provider a document that is fraudulent, that has been lost or stolen, or that has been obtained by fraud, or that contains a false, fictitious, or fraudulent statement or representation.(4)Accessing customer accounts of a telephone service provider via the Internet without prior authorization from the customer to whom the telephone records relate.
2. No person shall knowingly purchase, receive, or solicit another to purchase or receive a telephone record that pertains to a customer without the prior authorization of that customer, or if the purchaser or receiver knows or has reason to know that the record has been obtained fraudulently.
3. No person shall sell or offer to sell a telephone record that was obtained without the customer's prior consent, or if the person knows or has reason to know that the telephone record was obtained fraudulently.
§ 14 113.31. 禁止虚假获得，出售，或寻求电话记录。
1.任何人不得获取或试图以电子、书面、口头形式通过如下方式获取电话记录，而不论电话记录涉及到的客户是否居住在本国以及是否得到了客户的同意：（1）对代表人、代理人或电话服务供应商的雇员作虚假陈述或代表；（2）对电话服务供应商的客户作虚假陈述或代表；（3）明知提供给电话服务供应商的文件是伪造的，已丢失的或被盗的，或以欺诈手段获得的，或载有虚假的、虚构的、欺骗性的陈述或代表；（4）未经事先授权，电话服务供应商通过因特网访问客户账户的电话记录，获得与该电话记录相关人员的信息。
2.明知电话记录未经客户事先授权，知道或有理由知道记录是以欺诈手段获得的而予以购买、接受、索取。
3.任何人未经客户事先授权不得售卖或出售电话记录，或者购买者、接受者知道或有理由知道记录是以欺诈手段取得的。
§ 14 113.32. Exceptions.
1.The provisions of G.S. 14 113.31 shall not apply to any of the following:
(1)Any lawfully authorized investigative, protective, or intelligence activity of a law enforcement agency in connection with the official duties of the law enforcement agency.
(2)A disclosure by a telephone service provider if the telephone service provider reasonably believes the disclosure is necessary to: (i) provide telephone service to a customer, including sharing telephone records with one of the provider's affiliates or (ii) protect an individual or service provider from fraudulent, abusive, or unlawful use of telephone service or a telephone record.
(3)A disclosure by a telephone service provider to the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children.
(4)A disclosure by a telephone service provider that is authorized by State or federal law or regulation.
(5)A disclosure by a telephone service provider to a governmental entity if the provider reasonably believes there is an emergency involving immediate danger of death or serious physical injury.
(6)Testing of a telephone service provider's security procedures or systems for maintaining the confidentiality of customers' telephone records.
2.Nothing in this Article shall be construed to expand the obligation or duty of a telephone service provider to maintain the confidentiality of telephone records beyond the requirements of this Article or federal law or regulation. Any telephone service provider or agent, employee, or representative of a telephone service provider who reasonably and in good faith discloses telephone records shall not be criminally or civilly liable if the disclosure is later determined to be in violation of this Article.
§ 14 113.32. 例外
1. § 14 113.31中所列情形不适用于下列事项。（1）任何合法授权的调查、保护，以及执法机构的情报活动与公务活动。（2）电话服务供应商基于以下情况合理地认为披露是必要的而进行的披露行为：i 为客户提供电话服务包括与供应商的分支机构分享电话记录；ii防止个人或服务商被欺诈，以及滥用或非法使用电话服务或电话记录。（3）电话服务供应商披露美国失踪和被剥削的儿童。（4）电话服务供应商的披露行为是得到国家、联邦法律法规授权的。（5）电话服务供应商合理第认为有死亡的危险或严重的身体伤害等紧急情况而对政府实体所作的披露。（6）为维护客户电话记录的机密性而进行的电话服务供应商的安全程序以及系统的测试。
教育部办公厅关于加强高等学校使用外国教材管理的通知
教育部办公厅
教育部办公厅关于加强高等学校使用外国教材管理的通知
教高厅[2006]5号
各省、自治区、直辖市教育厅（教委），新疆生产建设兵团教育局，有关部门（单位）教育司（局），部属各高等学校：
近年来，随着我国高等教育事业的发展和教学改革的深入,高等学校使用外国教材的数量逐年增加，对高等教育教学质量的提高发挥了重要作用。高等学校在使用外国教材过程中注重知识产权保护工作，取得了显著成绩。但是也存在少数高等学校未经授权擅自复制和使用外国教材、侵犯著作权的情况。今年9月，全国“扫黄打非”工作小组办公室、教育部、新闻出版总署、国家版权局印发了《关于严厉打击盗版盗印及非法销售、使用外国教材的紧急通知》（扫黄打非办联〔2006〕38号），对打击盗版等工作提出了明确要求。为认真落实《通知》精神，进一步加强高等学校使用外国教材管理工作，现就有关要求重申如下：
一、高等学校选用外国教材，应由主讲教师或教研室事先提出具体建议，经院（系）审议、学校教学管理部门审定后，方可使用。
二、高等学校要认真执行《中华人民共和国著作权法》。使用的外国教材，必须是原版或授权的国内版教材。任何单位和个人未经权利人授权许可，都不得擅自复制、使用外国教材。
三、高等学校出版社出版国外教材，必须经权利人授权许可。未经许可不得擅自出版发行。
四、对违反规定复制、出版、使用外国教材者，应追究当事人和有关院系、出版社、学校领导的责任，并依照有关法律和规定严肃处理。。
请各高等学校主管部门将本通知转发至所属各高等学校。各高等学校要认真对本校近年来复制、使用外国教材的情况进行一次全面的检查，并于今年12月底前完成自查自纠工作，停止一切涉嫌侵权的行为。
教育部办公厅
二○○六年十一月十日
